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Visby Cathedral, Gotland, Sweden
Image by Swedish National Heritage Board
Visby Cathedral, Saint Mary.
Visby domkyrka, Sankta Maria.
Parish (socken): Visby
Province (landskap): Gotland
Municipality (kommun): Gotland
County (län): Gotland
Photograph by: Carl Curman
Date: 1893
Format: Albumen print
Persistent URL: www.kms.raa.se/cocoon/bild/show-image.html?id=16000300029436
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NSA (1971) ... NSA reveals its OWN embarrassing secrets (14 June 2013) ...item 2.. New York Times - VENONA AND THE COLD WAR (1999)
Image by marsmet472
The agency ran the the VENONA project - a long-running secret collaboration betwqeen the U.S and the U.K involving cryptanalysis of messages sent by intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union.
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.....item 1).... NSA reveals its OWN embarrassing secrets: Fascinating archive photos show how spy agency held 'Miss NSA' pageants and committed shocking crimes against fashion (just don't tell Edward Snowden).
... Mail Online - Daily Mail ... www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ ...
... Predecessor of the NSA was the Armed Forces Security Agency
... NSA was established on Nov. 4 1952 by then-President Harry Truman
... Creation allowed Defense Department to co-ordinate cryptologic information
... Agency began occupying buildings at Fort Meade in the late 1950s
By DAILY MAIL REPORTER
PUBLISHED: 05:20 EST, 14 June 2013 | UPDATED: 08:41 EST, 14 June 2013
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2341569/Fascinating-pict...
At the National Security Agency headquarters in Fort Mead Maryland, a memorial carved into a plaque reads: 'They Served in Silence.'
The motto is in stark contrast to this week's revelations by NSA leaker Edward Snowden, who has now become the most infamous agency employee in recent years.
But a candid NSA archive reveals the thousands of staffers who been quietly working on America's most sensitive secrets for over six decades.
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img code photo ... Strike a pose .. Think .. NO ADMITTANCE
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Strike a pose: The US Army Signal Intelligence Service posed in front of their vault in 1935
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img code photo ... Early days
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Early days: Cryptologists in Korea in the 1950s. The Army Security Agency (ASA) was responsible for supplying the Army's codes and ciphers
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img code photo ... Working around the clock
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Working around the clock: Cryptologists hard at work during the Second World War
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img code photo ... Determined
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Determined: Fleet Radio Unit Pacific (FRUPAC) in Hawaii working on JN-25, the principal Japanese Navy encryption system in 1945
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The series of photos document the significant changes the agency has gone through since it was established on Nov. 4 1952 by then-President Harry Truman.
The predecessor to the NSA was the Armed Forces Security Agency which was set up in 1949.
More...
... Britain issues global warning to airlines not to let CIA leaker Edward Snowden board a flight to the UK
... Whistleblower Edward Snowden smuggled out secrets with an everyday thumb drive banned from NSA offices
... Feds vow to hunt down NSA leaker as they fear he is attempting to defect to China with America's most sensitive secrets
But that agency did not have much power and lacked a central control centre.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director Walter Bedell Smith sent a memo to James S. Lay, Executive Secretary of the National Security Council in 1951 that spurred the creation of the NSA.
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img code photo ... Mission
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Mission: U.S. Army Engineers conduct diving operations to recover Nazi cryptologic records from Lake Schlersee in Southern Germany at the end of the Second World War
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img code photo ... Intelligence
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Intelligence: NSA's SIGSALY, a secure speech system used in World War Two for the highest-level Allied communications
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img code photo ... A UNIVAC 9300 Peripheral Processor, 1966
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Equipment: A UNIVAC 9300 Peripheral Processor, left, a punch card computing data center from 1966, and a KY-8 Cryptologic Device, right
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img code photo ... KY-8 Cryptologic Device
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Equipment: A UNIVAC 9300 Peripheral Processor, left, a punch card computing data center from 1966, and a KY-8 Cryptologic Device, right
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img code photo ... M-138
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Intelligence gathering: M-138, a strip cipher device that allowed the use of multiple alphabets to encipher messages
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img code photo ... Tour
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Tour: GEN Eisenhower visits Arlington Hall, William Friedman is standing on the far left
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img code photo ... Beauty queens
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Beauty queens: Contestants in the Miss NSA Pageant held annually in the 1950s and early 1960s
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img code photo ... Hunting ...
MRBM Launch Site 1 .. San Cristobal, Cuba .. 23 October 1962
Nuclear Warhead Bunker Under Construction .. San Cristobal Site 1
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Hunting: Soviet strategic missile sites under construction in Cuba pictured in 1962
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img code photo ... Moving forward
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Moving forward: A UNIVAC system purchased by NSA in 1963
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img code photo ... Watching
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Watching: The direct communication link between Washington and Moscow at the Pentagon Building, as monitored by the NSA
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He observed recommended a survey of communications intelligence activities after observing 'control over, and coordination of, the collection and processing of Communications Intelligence had proved ineffective.'
Then-president President Harry S. Truman authorized the agency's creation in June 1952 - he understood the importance of a central spy body as America had become a dominant power on a global stage, facing global responsibilities and threats.
U.S. efforts had led to breaking German and Japanese codes in the Second World War, success against the German U-Boat threat in the North Atlantic, and victory in the Battle of Midway in the Pacific.
As war raged in Korea, the creation of NSA allowed the Defense Department to consolidate cryptologic support to military operations, and to meet challenges that the nation would face in the Cold War.
The agency ran the the VENONA project - a long-running secret collaboration betwqeen the U.S and the U.K involving cryptanalysis of messages sent by intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union.
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img code photo ... Technology evolving
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Technology evolving: Staffers chat as they stand next to the NSA supercomputers in the 1970s
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img code photo ... America's sensitive secrets
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
America's sensitive secrets: An NSA staffer at work in 1971 using a console at the agency
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img code photo ... Demonstration
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Demonstration: VADM Inman and Ms. Ann Caracristi listen to Hall of Honor Cryptologist Frank B. Rowlett describe the ENIGMA machine
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img code photo ... Growing agency
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Growing agency: The NSA continued to expand into the 1980s, as seen in this aerial headquarters of its headquarters
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In 1953, the VENONA project exposed a massive Soviet espionage effort that threatened national security.
The NSA moved to Ft. Meade in 1957- one reason the site was selected was because it was deemed far enough away from the capital in case of a nuclear strike.
In 1960 the agency was rocked after two employees William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, defected to the Soviet Union.
The alarming revelation prompted tighter personnel security measures.
The agency's signals intelligence (SIGINT) played a critical role in 1962 in defusing the Cuban Missle Criris, a saga which had the world's nations nervously holding their breath.
In the 1970s, Dr. Tordella was an early advocate of the use of computers in cryptology.
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img code photo ... Safe line
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Safe line: President H. W. Bush confers in confidence using a STU III device
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img code photo ... Gen Eisenhower visits Arlington Hall
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Tour: Gen Eisenhower visits Arlington Hall, William Friedman is standing on the far left
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img code photo ... VIP visit
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
VIP visit: President and Mrs. Reagan tour the new OPS2A and 2B Buildings with LTG Odom and Mrs. Odom on 26 September 1986
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img code photo ... Through the years
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Through the years: George Bush and Dick Cheney at the NSA offices in 2008
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img code photo ... President George W. Bush
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Terror attacks: President George W. Bush speaking on the phone following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001
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img code photo ... Memories .. They Served In Silence
National Security Agency .. United States Of America
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Memories: NSA's Cryptologic Memorial Wall honors those 'who served in silence' since the Second World War
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img code photo ... Modern day
i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/06/14/article-2341569-1A4F89...
Modern day: A view of the National Security Operations Center Floor last year
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The 1980s saw former NSA employee Ronald Pelton convicted of spying for and selling secrets to the Soviet Union.
He reportedly has a photographic memory as he passed no documents to the Soviets.
Petty Hohn Anthony Walker, Jr., a United States Navy Chief Warrant Officer and communications specialist was also convicted of spying for the Soviet Union from 1968 to 1985.
In the late 1980s President Reagan attended the dedication of the Operations 2A and 2B buildings.
In the 1990s the NSA provided key information for the Gulf War, codenamed Operation Desert Storm.
In 2001, the 9/11 terror attacks that killed 2,977 people reinforced the need for the NSA as America became a clear Al-Qaeda target.
In 2011, the NSA played a key role in the Special Forces - IC Team responsible for tracking down Osama bin Laden.
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.....item 2).... Venona Decoding Soviet Espionage in America
... New York Times on the Web ... www.nytimes.com/books/ ...
By JOHN EARL HAYNES and HARVEY KLEHR
Yale University Press
www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/haynes-venona.html
VENONA AND THE COLD WAR
The Venona Project began because Carter Clarke did not trust Joseph Stalin. Colonel Clarke was chief of the U.S. Army's Special Branch, part of the War Department's Military Intelligence Division, and in 1943 its officers heard vague rumors of secret German-Soviet peace negotiations. With the vivid example of the August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact in mind, Clarke feared that a separate peace between Moscow and Berlin would allow Nazi Germany to concentrate its formidable war machine against the United States and Great Britain. Clarke thought he had a way to find out whether such negotiations were under way.
Clarke's Special Branch supervised the Signal Intelligence Service, the Army's elite group of code-breakers and the predecessor of the National Security Agency. In February 1943 Clarke ordered the service to establish a small program to examine ciphered Soviet diplomatic cablegrams. Since the beginning of World War II in 1939, the federal government had collected copies of international cables leaving and entering the United States. If the cipher used in the Soviet cables could be broken, Clarke believed, the private exchanges between Soviet diplomats in the United States and their superiors in Moscow would show whether Stalin was seriously pursuing a separate peace.
The coded Soviet cables, however, proved to be far more difficult to read than Clarke had expected. American code-breakers discovered that the Soviet Union was using a complex two-part ciphering system involving a "one-time pad" code that in theory was unbreakable. The Venona code-breakers, however, combined acute intellectual analysis with painstaking examination of thousands of coded telegraphic cables to spot a Soviet procedural error that opened the cipher to attack. But by the time they had rendered the first messages into readable text in 1946, the war was over and Clarke's initial goal was moot. Nor did the messages show evidence of a Soviet quest for a separate peace. What they did demonstrate, however, stunned American officials. Messages thought to be between Soviet diplomats at the Soviet consulate in New York and the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs in Moscow turned out to be cables between professional intelligence field officers and Gen. Pavel Fitin, head of the foreign intelligence directorate of the KGB in Moscow. Espionage, not diplomacy, was the subject of these cables. One of the first cables rendered into coherent text was a 1944 message from KGB officers in New York showing that the Soviet Union had infiltrated America's most secret enterprise, the atomic bomb project.
By 1948 the accumulating evidence from other decoded Venona cables showed that the Soviets had recruited spies in virtually every major American government agency of military or diplomatic importance. American authorities learned that since 1942 the United States had been the target of a Soviet espionage onslaught involving dozens of professional Soviet intelligence officers and hundreds of Americans, many of whom were members of the American Communist party (CPUSA). The deciphered cables of the Venona Project identify 349 citizens, immigrants, and permanent residents of the United States who had had a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence agencies (see appendix A). Further, American cryptanalysts in the Venona Project deciphered only a fraction of the Soviet intelligence traffic, so it was only logical to conclude that many additional agents were discussed in the thousands of unread messages. Some were identified from other sources, such as defectors' testimony and the confessions of Soviet spies (see appendix B).
The deciphered Venona messages also showed that a disturbing number of high-ranking U.S. government officials consciously maintained a clandestine relationship with Soviet intelligence agencies and had passed extraordinarily sensitive information to the Soviet Union that had seriously damaged American interests. Harry White--the second most powerful official in the U.S. Treasury Department, one of the most influential officials in the government, and part of the American delegation at the founding of the United Nations--had advised the KGB about how American diplomatic strategy could be frustrated. A trusted personal assistant to President Franklin Roosevelt, Lauchlin Currie, warned the KGB that the FBI had started an investigation of one of the Soviets' key American agents, Gregory Silvermaster. This warning allowed Silvermaster, who headed a highly productive espionage ring, to escape detection and continue spying. Maurice Halperin, the head of a research section of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), then America's chief intelligence arm, turned over hundreds of pages of secret American diplomatic cables to the KGB. William Perl, a brilliant young government aeronautical scientist, provided the Soviets with the results of the highly secret tests and design experiments for American jet engines and jet aircraft. His betrayal assisted the Soviet Union in quickly overcoming the American technological lead in the development of jets. In the Korean War, U.S. military leaders expected the Air Force to dominate the skies, on the assumption that the Soviet aircraft used by North Korea and Communist China would be no match for American aircraft. They were shocked when Soviet MiG-15 jet fighters not only flew rings around U.S. propeller-driven aircraft but were conspicuously superior to the first generation of American jets as well. Only the hurried deployment of America's newest jet fighter, the F-86 Saber, allowed the United States to match the technological capabilities of the MiG-15. The Air Force prevailed, owing more to the skill of American pilots than to the design of American aircraft.
And then there were the atomic spies. From within the Manhattan Project two physicists, Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall, and one technician, David Greenglass, transmitted the complex formula for extracting bomb-grade uranium from ordinary uranium, the technical plans for production facilities, and the engineering principles for the "implosion" technique. The latter process made possible an atomic bomb using plutonium, a substance much easier to manufacture than bomb-grade uranium.
The betrayal of American atomic secrets to the Soviets allowed the Soviet Union to develop atomic weapons several years sooner and at a substantially lower cost than it otherwise would have. Joseph Stalin's knowledge that espionage assured the Soviet Union of quickly breaking the American atomic monopoly emboldened his diplomatic strategy in his early Cold War clashes with the United States. It is doubtful that Stalin, rarely a risk-taker, would have supplied the military wherewithal and authorized North Korea to invade South Korea in 1950 had the Soviet Union not exploded an atomic bomb in 1949. Otherwise Stalin might have feared that President Harry Truman would stanch any North Korean invasion by threatening to use atomic weapons. After all, as soon as the atomic bomb had been developed, Truman had not hesitated to use it twice to end the war with Japan. But in 1950, with Stalin in possession of the atomic bomb, Truman was deterred from using atomic weapons in Korea, even in the late summer when initially unprepared American forces were driven back into the tip of Korea and in danger of being pushed into the sea, and then again in the winter when Communist Chinese forces entered the war in massive numbers. The killing and maiming of hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians on both sides of the war in Korea might have been averted had the Soviets not been able to parry the American atomic threat.
Early Soviet possession of the atomic bomb had an important psychological consequence. When the Soviet Union exploded a nuclear device in 1949, ordinary Americans as well as the nation's leaders realized that a cruel despot, Joseph Stalin, had just gained the power to destroy cities at will. This perception colored the early Cold War with the hues of apocalypse. Though the Cold War never lost the potential of becoming a civilization-destroying conflict, Stalin's death in March 1953 noticeably relaxed Soviet-American tensions. With less successful espionage, the Soviet Union might not have developed the bomb until after Stalin's death, and the early Cold War might have proceeded on a far less frightening path.
Venona decryptions identified most of the Soviet spies uncovered by American counterintelligence between 1948 and the mid-1950s. The skill and perseverance of the Venona code-breakers led the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and British counterintelligence (MI5) to the atomic spy Klaus Fuchs. Venona documents unmistakably identified Julius Rosenberg as the head of a Soviet spy ring and David Greenglass, his brother-in-law, as a Soviet source at the secret atomic bomb facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico. Leads from decrypted telegrams exposed the senior British diplomat Donald Maclean as a major spy in the British embassy in Washington and precipitated his flight to the Soviet Union, along with his fellow diplomat and spy Guy Burgess. The arrest and prosecution of such spies as Judith Coplon, Robert Soblen, and Jack Soble was possible because American intelligence was able to read Soviet reports about their activities. The charges by the former Soviet spy Elizabeth Bentley that several dozen mid-level government officials, mostly secret Communists, had assisted Soviet intelligence were corroborated in Venona documents and assured American authorities of her veracity.
(C) 1999 Yale University All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-300-07771-8
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